The Russian Revolution.
The Treaty of Versailles
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even before World War One , Russia was facing serious social problems.
- Peasant revolts, strikes, and widespread poverty and hunger weren't uncommon in the countryside.
- In March 1917, workers begin protesting in Petrograd. The soldiers refused to fire on the crowds and joined the revolt.
- the czar resigned on March 15th becoming Russia's last czar
- The Provisional Government decided to continue the war. This was a fatal mistake because World War One was one of the biggest causes of discontent.
- After a couple of tries, the Bolsheviks in rallied support for a military assault on the government and seized control in October 1917
- After the Bolsheviks took control of the government , they took Russia out of World War One.
- They then signed an armistice with Germany in December 1917
- The Russian also government agreed to give up its claims to Finland, Poland, the Baltic States, and the Ukraine, and to pay a heavy war indemnity
The Treaty of Versailles
- Germans were forced to sign the The treaty of Versailles in June 1919
- .Vengeance, not a compromise , was the treaty’s tone. The Allies hated Germany because:
- Article 231 – “War Guilt Clause” –
- Germany had to accept everything as their fault
- Reparations – Payments for the cost and damage caused by the war –
- Germany had to pay $33 billion dollars
–$500 million per year until 1988
- Reduced army and made them be only defensive
Treaty of Versailles – Other Countries’ Reactions
•Italy – Didn’t get the areas they had hoped for (Fiume) •China – Upset because the Korean peninsula should’ve been theirs, but Japan got it •U.S. – Didn’t accept the treaty because of the League of Nations •Britain – Softened their stance against Germany •France – Upset that the U.S. and Britain had soft stances against Germany
The League of Nations
•Was an international organization to settle international disputes •Its defects were: –The Japanese were offended because her attempts to have a statement of racial equality were rejected –The U.S. and Central Powers were initially excluded –It possessed no armed forces of its own
The United States goes back into Isolation
•America's return to isolationist politics after the war caused them to reject Wilson's plan to join his new international peace-keeping community.
•America's refusal destroyed any real hopes for international cooperation to keep the peace, since France and England were not strong enough to do it alone because they were in so much debt .
Treaty of Saint-Germain
•Broke up Austria-Hungary •Had to pay war reparations – went bankrupt before they could be set •Couldn’t enter into unions without consent of the League of Nations •Austrian army limited to 30,000 volunteers
•Reduced their territory •Also dealt with railroad rights and navigation rights over the Danube River
•Italy – Didn’t get the areas they had hoped for (Fiume) •China – Upset because the Korean peninsula should’ve been theirs, but Japan got it •U.S. – Didn’t accept the treaty because of the League of Nations •Britain – Softened their stance against Germany •France – Upset that the U.S. and Britain had soft stances against Germany
The League of Nations
•Was an international organization to settle international disputes •Its defects were: –The Japanese were offended because her attempts to have a statement of racial equality were rejected –The U.S. and Central Powers were initially excluded –It possessed no armed forces of its own
The United States goes back into Isolation
•America's return to isolationist politics after the war caused them to reject Wilson's plan to join his new international peace-keeping community.
•America's refusal destroyed any real hopes for international cooperation to keep the peace, since France and England were not strong enough to do it alone because they were in so much debt .
Treaty of Saint-Germain
•Broke up Austria-Hungary •Had to pay war reparations – went bankrupt before they could be set •Couldn’t enter into unions without consent of the League of Nations •Austrian army limited to 30,000 volunteers
•Reduced their territory •Also dealt with railroad rights and navigation rights over the Danube River
Treaty of Saint-Germain
•Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia became just as multi-national as the Austro-Hungarian Empire they replaced
Treaty of Trianon
•Hungary lost 2/3 of its territory and 3.3 million people •When the Romanian Army infringed upon the cease-fire line, the Allied powers asked Hungary to acknowledge the new Romanian territorial gains •Unable to reject the terms, but unable to accept the treaty, the democratic government resigned. It was replaced by a Communist government •The Romanian army attacked and won •The Allied powers restored the Hungarian state •Army reduced to 35,000; no conscription •Was to recognize the rights of minorities in her borders •Amount of reparations was never set
•Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia became just as multi-national as the Austro-Hungarian Empire they replaced
- Czechoslovakia
- Yugoslavia
Treaty of Trianon
•Hungary lost 2/3 of its territory and 3.3 million people •When the Romanian Army infringed upon the cease-fire line, the Allied powers asked Hungary to acknowledge the new Romanian territorial gains •Unable to reject the terms, but unable to accept the treaty, the democratic government resigned. It was replaced by a Communist government •The Romanian army attacked and won •The Allied powers restored the Hungarian state •Army reduced to 35,000; no conscription •Was to recognize the rights of minorities in her borders •Amount of reparations was never set
Treaty of Sevres
•Ottoman Empire renamed Turkey •Territory shrunk: –Created the Kingdom of Hejaz (later Saudi Arabia) –Created Armenia –Greece and Italy got territorial gains –Mandates were given to: •Britain – –Iraq –Palestine •France – –Lebanon –Syria
British Mandate of Palestine
•The United Kingdom was granted control of Palestine by the Versailles Peace Conference •During World War I the British had made two promises regarding territory in the Middle East: –Britain had promised the local Arabs, through Lawrence of Arabia, independence for a united Arab country covering most of the Arab Middle East, in exchange for their supporting the British –Britain had promised to create and foster a Jewish national home as laid out in the Balfour Declaration
•Ottoman Empire renamed Turkey •Territory shrunk: –Created the Kingdom of Hejaz (later Saudi Arabia) –Created Armenia –Greece and Italy got territorial gains –Mandates were given to: •Britain – –Iraq –Palestine •France – –Lebanon –Syria
British Mandate of Palestine
•The United Kingdom was granted control of Palestine by the Versailles Peace Conference •During World War I the British had made two promises regarding territory in the Middle East: –Britain had promised the local Arabs, through Lawrence of Arabia, independence for a united Arab country covering most of the Arab Middle East, in exchange for their supporting the British –Britain had promised to create and foster a Jewish national home as laid out in the Balfour Declaration
Kellogg-Briand Pact
•Created by the U.S. Secretary of State and French Foreign Minister •Agreement signed in 1928 that renounced war as a way to resolve disputes •A total of 62 nations signed the treaty, including the U.S., Italy, Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan
•Created by the U.S. Secretary of State and French Foreign Minister •Agreement signed in 1928 that renounced war as a way to resolve disputes •A total of 62 nations signed the treaty, including the U.S., Italy, Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan